Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

This comprehensive review explores the persistence of homophobic attitudes in sports, focusing on fan behavior in stadiums and online spaces. Historically, sports have perpetuated heteronormative ideals, marginalizing LGBTQ+ athletes. Male heterosexuality is often equated with athleticism, leading to stigmatization of gay and lesbian athletes, especially in team sports where camaraderie can be disrupted by disclosure of sexual orientation. Such discrimination begins at the school level, with LGBTQ+ athletes facing harassment and identity crises, which extend into professional arenas. Psychological impacts, including anxiety, depression, and social isolation, are widespread among athletes who conceal their identities to avoid prejudice.
Efforts to combat homophobia have shown mixed results. Policies like anti-harassment units and awareness campaigns have fostered inclusivity in certain sports, such as British football and the Major Hockey League. Shifting societal norms and evolving masculinities have also contributed to reducing stigma, particularly for female athletes. However, homophobia remains entrenched among fans, as evident from online posts and homophobic chants in stadiums. Research highlights a disconnection between fans' professed attitudes and their behaviors, often justified as harmless banter. Younger fans appear more accepting of LGBTQ+ athletes, signaling a generational shift.
The review underscores the need for sustained efforts, including stricter policy enforcement, awareness initiatives, and support systems for LGBTQ+ athletes. Only through such measures can sports become a truly inclusive domain, free of prejudice and discrimination, allowing athletes of all sexual orientations to thrive.